The Logical Influence of Hegel on Marx by Rebecca Cooper 1925
1. Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1918) 52-75.
2. Marx, Capital (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1906) 1.25.
3. p. 91.
4. Engels, Feuerbach (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1908) 96.
5. Karl Marx, His Life and Work (B. W. Heubsch, New York, 1910) 54-55. ]
6. Socialism and Philosophy, 185.
7. Economic Interpretation of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1902) 22-23.
8. Karl Marx and Modern Socialism 21.
9. Philosophy and Political Economy (Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1893) 338.
10. Life and Teaching of Marx (National Labour Press, London) Introduction, 9-22; 12.
11. Ibid. 126.
12. Simkhovitch, Marxism Versus Socialism (H. Holt & Co., New York, 1913) 248.
13. Böhm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System (T. F. Unwin, London, 1898) 190.
14. Ibid. 221
15. Veblen, The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and his Followers, Quarterly Journal of Economics 20.594-5.
16. Bernstein, “Karl Marx,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition.
17. Skelton, Socialism, A Critical Analysis (Houghton, Mifflin Co., New York, 1911) 113.
18. Croce, Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx (H. Latimer, London, 1914) 6-7.
19. Ibid. 49.
20. Hegel, Logic (Second Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892) Section 19.
21. Hegel, Philosophy of History (Colonial Press, New York, 1899) 52, 57.
22. Ibid. 54.
23. Ibid. 58
24. Ibid. 53-54
25. Ibid. 65
26. Ibid. 69.
27. Ibid. 25, note.
28. Ibid. 96.
29. Ibid. 105.
30. Ibid. 106.
31. Ibid. 108.
32. Ibid. 113.
33. Ibid. 125.
34. Ibid. 127.
35. Ibid. 141.
36. Engels, Feuerbach (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1908) 94.
37. Ibid. 95-96.
38. Ibid. 64.
39. Ibid. 65.
40. Ibid. 64.
41. Also Skelton, Bernstein and Veblen. See above, 89-91.
42. p. 54.
43. Hegel, Logic (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892) 125-127.
44. It is interesting and significant to note the similarity of Engels’ meaning of the “metaphysical” attitude to Hegel’s “level of the understanding.” See above, 103.
45. Engels, Landmarks of Scientific Socialism (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1907) 151.
46. Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific 82.
47. Ibid. 83.
48. For the Marxists, this is a sort of empirical necessity, that is, a necessity discovered through observation of the facts; while for Hegel, of course, it is a logical necessity, a necessity of the reason.
49. This does not mean a mysterious inner force, but just the natural evolution and improvement of tools.
50. This use of the word “civilization” is from L. Morgan, but his use of the term “ancient society” as a synonym for “pre-civilization” is not followed.
51. Hegel, Philosophy of History (Colonial Press, New York, 1899) 142.
52. “The essential difference between the various economic forms of society, between, for instance, a society based on slave labor, and one based on wage labor, lies only in the mode in which the surplus labor is in each case extracted from the actual producer, the laborer.” – Marx, Capital (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1919) 241.
53. “Capitalist production only then really begins, as we have already seen, when each individual capitalist employs simultaneously a comparatively large number of labourers; when consequently the labour-process is carried on on an extensive scale and yields, relatively, large quantities of products. A greater number of labourers working together, at the same time in one place in order to produce the same sort of commodity under the mastership of one capitalist, constitutes, both historically and logically, the starting point of capitalist production... The workshop of the mediaeval master handicraftsman is simply enlarged. At first, therefore, the difference is purely quantitative.” – Ibid. 353.
54. Hegel, Logic (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892) Section 108.
55. Engels, Landmarks of Scientific Socialism (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1907) 155.
56. Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1918) 105.
57. Marx, Capital, 1.689.
58. Ibid. 709.
59. Ibid. 116-7.
60. Ibid. 124.
61. It may be remarked that though the basis for this analysis is clearly present in the Marxist exposition, it is not stressed, or even explicitly stated, by the authors.
62. See Engels’ Landmarks of Scientific Socialism, Section on the “Negation of the Negation,” Chapter 7.
63. Ibid. 166-7.
64. This does not purport to be a complete exposition of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. It is but a selective account, including only those features of the theory to which there are corresponding Marxist doctrines.
65. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (G. Bell & Sons, London, 1896) Section 45.
66. Ibid. Section 46, note.
67. Ibid. Section 49, addition.
68. Ibid. Section 57, addition.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid. Section 90, addition.
71. Ibid. Section 101, addition.
72. Morris (G. S.) Hegel’s Philosophy of the State and of History (S. C. Griggs & Co., 1887) 30.
73. Ibid. 43.
74. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, Section 142.
75. Ibid. Section 145.
76. Ibid. Sections 158, addition; 170.
77. Ibid. Section 182, addition.
78. In this connection, Hegel refers to the political economists, Smith, Lay, and Ricardo, indicating a knowledge of them which might possibly have had some bearing on his theory of value.- Ibid. Section 189, note.
79. Ibid. Section 205.
80. Ibid. Section 258, note.
81. Ibid. Sections 272, 272, note.
82. Ibid. Section 273.
83. Ibid. Sections 272, 275, 281, addition.
84. Ibid. Sections 322, 324, note.
85. It is interesting to consider this statement in the light of Veblen’s strange contention that one of two lines of antecedents of the Marxist system is the theory of Natural Rights. Cf. Veblen, Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers, Quarterly Journal of Economics (August, 1906, and February, 1907) 584.
86. Marx, Capital 1.195.
87. Engels, Landmarks of Scientific Socialism (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1907) 127-9.
88. Ibid. 147.
89. Engels, Origin of the Family (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1902) 198-9.
90. Ibid. 206, 208.
91. Ibid. 211.
92. This expression is more often translated “wither away” as in Lenin’s book, The State and the Revolution. This translation is more popular among Marxists because it it more graphic and more expressive of the gradual nature of the state’s disappearance.
93. Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific 127.
94. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1918) 42.
95. Lenin, State and the Revolution (printed by under-ground party, about 1920) 17, quoting Engels, Anti-Dühring (Third German Edition) 193.
96. There is probably an elaborate statement by Marx to this effect, for, according to D. B. Ryasanov, in an article entitled The Posthumous Writings of Marx and Engels, he found, in the course of his search for Marxist manuscripts, a criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law which is as yet both unpublished and untranslated. Cf. International Press Correspondence (Vienna, January 4, 1924) 4.1.8.
97. Engels speaks of it as the “metaphysical” attitude, for which the true or dialectical method must be substituted. See above, 103, 109.
98. Engels points out that many of the formulae are of no practical value, and the book is largely filled with them. He has taken the trouble to summarize and simplify in a few pages the formulae which Marx gives in full, and which cover hundreds of pages. He explains, however, that they were really only Marx’s notes, and by no means pre-pared by him for publication. The second and third volumes of Capital were published by Engels some years after Marx died.
99. Labriola says that this “great contradiction” is not an inconsistency in thought but a true representation of an actual contradiction in reality.
100. Marx, Capital (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1919) 1.41.
101. Ibid. 42-43, 55.
102. Ibid. 55.
103. Marx, Critique of Political Economy (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., 1911) 23-24.
104. Ibid. 24.
105. Marx, Capital. 1.53.
106. Ibid. 42-43.
107. Marx, Critique of Political Economy 29.
108. Ibid. 27-29
109. Ibid. 42-43
110. Ibid. 47
111. Ibid. 45
112. Ibid. 50
113. Ibid. 49
114. Marx, Capital 1.56.
115. Ibid. 56
116. Ibid. 64.
117. Marx, in a note (Capital 1.66) refers to this relationship as an example of the “reflex-category of Hegel.”
118. Ibid. 67, 68, 71.
119. Ibid. 71.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid. 74.
122. Section 63.
123. Hegel, Philosophy of Right (G. Bell & Sons, London, 1896) Section 59.
124. Ibid. Section 63
125. Ibid.
126. Marx, Capital 1.68
127. Ibid. 69
128. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, Section 63, addition.
129. Ibid. Section 63.
130. Marx, Capital 22.
131. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, Section 63.
132. Hegel, Logic, Section 99.
133. Ibid. Section 101.
134. Ibid. Section 112.
135. Hibben, Hegel’s Logic (Chas. Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1902) 141.
136. Hegel, Logic Section 114.
137. Ibid. Section 119.
138. Ibid. Section 120
139. Logic, Section 131.
140. Ibid. Section 131.
141. Ibid. Section 119.
142. Ibid. Section 119.
143. Ibid. Section 121.
144. Ibid. Section 119.
145. Hibben, Hegel’s Logic 158. 140 Marx, Capital 1.74.
146. Hegel, Logic, Sections 93, 94.
147. Hibben, Hegel’s Logic 97.
148. “The actual process of circulation thus appears not as a complete metamorphosis of a commodity, not as its movement through opposite phases, but as a mere agglomeration of many accidentally coinciding or successive purchases and sales.” – Marx, Critique of Political Economy (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1911) 118.
149. Marx, Critique of Political Economy 119.
150. Hegel, Logic (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892) Section 181.
151. Ibid. Section 164.
152. Ibid. Section 187
153. Ibid. Section 183.
154. Ibid. Section 169.
155. Ibid. Section 164.
156. Ibid. Section 185.
157. Alluded to by Marx in a footnote, Capital 1.51.
158. Hegel, Logic Section 190.
159. Marx, Capital (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1919) 1.64.
160. Ibid. Chapter 5.
161. Ibid. 184.
162. Many arguments are given by Marx to prove that this commodity, in order to produce the increment must be labor-power, but they cannot be taken up here.
163. Ibid. 186.
164. Ibid. 216.
165. Hegel, Logic (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892) 188.
166. Marx, Capital 1.190
167. Engels, Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago, 1918) 82-83.
168. Chapter V.