Gabriel Deville (1883)
Written: 1883
Translated: by Robert Rives La Monte
Published: by The International Library Publishing Co.,
23 Duane Street, New York
Published: in 1900
Transcribed: by David Balmer and Jasminder Kandola
I: Use-value and exchange-value. —The substance
of value. —Magnitude of value, labor-time socially necessary.
II: Two-fold aspect of labor. —Two-fold social character
of specific labor. —Reduction of all labor to a certain quantity of simple
labor.
III: Value, a social reality, appears only in exchange.
—The form of value.
V: The material appearance of the social character of
labor.
The relations of the owners of commodities, and the conditions of these relations. —The exchange-relation involves necessarily the money-form. —The money-form attaches itself to the precious metals.
Chapter III: Money or the Circulation of Commodities
I: The measure of values. —The price-form.
II: The circulation of commodities. —The currency
of money. —Legal-tender or coins and paper-money.
III: Reserves of gold and silver, or hoards. —Money
as the means of payment. —Universal money.
Chapter IV: The General Formula for Capital
The simple circulation of commodities, and the circulation of money as capital. —Surplus-value.
Chapter V: Contradictions in the General Formula for Capital
The circulation of commodities is based on the exchange of equivalent values. —Even admitting the exchange of unequal values, the circulation of commodities cannot create surplus-value.
Chapter VI: Purchase and Sale of Labor-Power
The source of surplus-value is labor-power. —The value of labor-power.
Chapter VII: The Production of Use-Values and the Production of Surplus-Value
I: Labor in general and Its elements. —Labor performed
for the profit of the capltalist.
II: The analysis of the value of the product. —Difference
between the value of labor-power, and the value that it is capable of creating.
—The problem of the transformation of money into capital is solved.
Chapter VIII: Constant Capital and Variable Capital
The preservation of value, and the creation of value by
labor. —Value simply preserved, and value reproduced and increased.
Chapter IX: The Rate of Surplus-Value
I: Necessary labor and surplus-labor. —The degree
of exploitation of labor-power.
II: The elements of the value of the product expressed
in portions of this product and in fractions of the working-day.
III: The "last-hour".
IV: The net product.
I: The limits of the working-day.
II: The greed of capital for surplus-labor.
III: The exploitation of the free laborer in form and
in fact. —Day and night work.
IV: Regulation of the worktng-day.
V: The struggle for the limitation of the working-day.
Chapter XI: Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value
The prolongation of the working-day counterbalances a decrease in the number of the laborers. —A certain minimum of money necessary for the transformation of money into capital.
Chapter XII: Relative Surplus-Value
Reduction of the necessary labor-time. —Increase
of the productiveness of labor andof surplus-value.
The collective power of labor. —Results and conditions
of collective labor. —The leadership in industry belongs to capital. —The
collective power of labor appears as a power immanent in capital.
Chapter XIV: Division of Labor and Manufacture
I: Two-fold origin of manufacture.
II: The detail laborer and his implements.
III: The two fundamental forms of manufacture. —General
mechanism of manufacture. —Effect of manufacture on labor.
IV: Division of labor in manufacture and in society.
V: The capitalist character of manufacture.
Chapter XV: Machinery and Modern Industry
I: The development of machinery. —The development
of modern industry.
II: The value transferred by machinery to the product.
III: The labor of women and children. —The prolongation
of the working-day. —The intensification of labor.
IV: The factory.
V: The strife between workman and machinery.
VI: The theory of compensation.
VII: Repulsion and attraction of work-people by the factory
system.
VIII: Suppression of co-operation based on handicrafts
and division of labor. —Reaction of the factory system on manufacture and
domestic industries. —Transition from modern manufacture and domestic industry
to modern mechanical industry.
IX: Contradiction between the nature of modern industry
and its capitalist form. —The factory system and education. —The factory
system and the family. —Revolutionary consequences of factory-legislation.
X: Modern industry and agriculture.
Chapter XVI: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value
The distinctive characteristic of productive labor. —The
productiveness of labor and surplus-value.
Chapter XVII: Changes of Magnitude in the Value of Labor-Power and in Surplus-Value
I: Duration and intensity of labor constant. Productiveness
variable.
II: Duration and productiveness of labor constant. Intensity
variable.
III: Intensity and productiveness of labor constant. Duration
variable.
IV: Simultaneous variations in the duration, intensity
and productiveness of labor.
Chapter XVIII: Modes of Expressing the Rate of Surplus-Value
Various formulae expressing this rate. —Surplus-value
has its source in unpaid labor.
Chapter XIX: The Transformation of the Value or Price of Labor-Power into Wages
Wages are the price, not of labor, but of labor-power.
—The wage-form conceals the real relation between capital and labor.
The price of labor. —Working only part-time contrasted
with a general curtailment of the working-day. —Low price of labor and prolongation
of the day.
This change in the form of wages in no wise alters their
nature. —Special characteristics of this form of wages that make it the form
best adapted to capitalist production.
Chapter XXII: National Differences of Wages
How to compare the rates of wages in different nations.
—Modifications of the law of value in its international application. —Apparent
wages and real wages.
The circulation of capital. —Examination of the
fundamental mechanism of accumulation.
Chapter XXIII: Simple Reproduction
The part of capital advanced in wages is only a part of
the past labor of the laborer. —All capital advanced is transformed sooner
or later into accumulated capital. —The productive consumption and the individual
consumption of the laborer. —Simple reproduction keeps the workingman in the
situation of a wage-laborer.
Chapter XXIV: Transformation of Surplus-Value into Capital
I: Reproduction on an increasing scale. —The more
the capitalist has accumulated, the more he can accumulate. —Capitalist appropriation
is only the application of the laws of the production of commodities.
II: False ideas concerning accumulation.
III: Division of surplus-value into capital and revenue.
—The abstinence theory.
IV: Circumstances which affect the extent of accumulation.
—Degree of exploitation of labor-power. —Productivity of labor. —Growing
difference between capital employed and capital consumed. —Magnitude of capital
advanced.
V: The labor-fund.
Chapter XXV: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation
I: The composition of capital. —Circumstances under
which the accumulation of capital may induce a rise in wages. —The magnitude
of capital does not depend on the number of the working population.
II: Diminution of the variable part of capital compared
to the constant part. —Concentration and centralization.
III: Relative and actual demand for labor. —The
law of population peculiar to the capitalist period. —Formation of an industrial
reserve army. —How the general rate of wages is determined.
—Delusion of the law of supply and demand.
IV: Different forms of the relative surplus-population.
—Pauperism is the inevitable consequence of the capitalist system.
Chapter XXVI: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation
I: Divorce of the producer from the means of production.
—Explanation of the historical process which has superseded the feudal regime
by the capitalist regime.
II: Brute force succeeded by the exploiting process as
a subjugating agency.
III: Establishment of the home market for industrial capital.
Chapter XXVII: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist
Primitive accumulation is accomplished by force. —The
colonial regime, public debts and the protectionist system.
Chapter XXVIII: Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation
Private property based on personal labor superseded by
capitalist property. —The transformation of capitalist ownership into social
ownership.
Chapter XXIX: The Modern Theory of Colonization
The necessity of the conditions that we have recognised
as indispensable to capitalist exploitation clearly appears in the colonies. —Confessions
of political economy.